Arabinose is an aldopentose a monosaccharide, In synthetic biology, often used as a one-way or reversible switch for protein expression under the Pbad promoter in E. coli. As well as arabinose is an inhibitor of sucrase, the enzyme that breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose in the small intestine. Therefore, arabinose could be used in foods to attenuate the peak of glycemic response.

Galactose is important in enzymatic and biochemical research as a nutrient medium and as a synthesis module. also widely used in the pharmaceuticals sector, both as a carrier and as an active substance. D-galactose is particularly important as a precursor for pharmaceutically active substances, as an active substance carrier or also as a chiral module in chemical synthesis. However, in which galactose is synthesised from lactose on a large scale, there is always the problem of BSE-/TSE contamination,

 Tagatose is a rare monosaccharide, a six-carbon ketose, epimer of fructose and keto form of galactose. Tagatose is regarded as a low-calorie functional sweetener because it is 92% as sweet as sucrose, but with only 1/3 (1.5kcal/g) of the calories. It has many physiological functions as anti-hyperglycemia, amelioration of intestinal flora, dental caries prevention and widely applied in fields of food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry.

Glucuronic acid is a sugar acid derived from glucose, with its sixth carbon atom oxidized to a carboxylic acid. In living beings, this primary oxidation occurs with UDP-α-D-glucose (UDPG), not with the free sugar. Glucuronic acid is the composition of hyaluronic acid, heparin (anticoagulant) and chondroitin. And a common building block of proteoglycans and glycoglycerolipids, and is important for the metabolism of microorganisms, plants and animals.

 D-glucuronic acid sodium is capable of reducing the activity of hepatic amylase, inhibiting glycogen decomposition, increasing the content of liver glycogen. It is also able to lower the fat accumulation level in the liver and function as antidote and protecting liver etc.